This study aims to develop a school supervision model based on organizational culture and leadership to enhance the professional competence of junior high school teachers in Sawahlunto. The study employed a developmental approach comprising literature review, initial condition mapping, model development, and limited trial implementation. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires from 31 teachers and 3 school principals. The findings indicate that current supervision practices are predominantly administrative and mechanistic, providing limited empowerment for teachers as learning agents. The developed supervision model integrates three core elements: Minangkabau-based organizational culture, inspirational and participatory leadership, and reflective-participatory supervision. Implementation of the model demonstrated a 15–20% improvement in teachers’ professional competencies, particularly in lesson planning, use of educational media and technology, and assessment practices. The study highlights that effective supervision must be contextual, empowering, and integrated with school culture and leadership. The proposed model offers a strategic alternative for strengthening teacher professionalism, improving school climate, and promoting participatory school management reform.

Ansari, M. S. A., Abouraia, M., El Morsy, R., & Thumiki, V. R. R. (2024). Influence of transformational and transactional leadership on agile project success. Project Leadership and Society, 5(March), 100136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100136

Branch, R. M. (2010). Instructional Design : The ADDIE Approach. In Springer.

Dahlan, E., Wasliman, I., & Sauri, R. S. (2025). Perspektif Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Guru Madrasah. 6(7), 651–645.

Dedering, K., & Pietsch, M. (2025). School leader trust and collective teacher innovativeness: on individual and organisational ambidexterity’s mediating role. Educational Review, 77(2), 351–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.2195593

Dwiyono, Y., Robiayanto, N., Wulandari, F., Wahyuni, S., Hasra, & Haryanti, N. (2024). Transformational Leadership in Improving the Quality of Education. Indonesian Journal on Education and Learning, 1(3), 11–15. https://books.google.com/books?hl= en&lr=&id=JxcUEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=kepemimpinan+transformasional&ots=77Sz2pyP56&sig=rhjIcRIUuZvIFhWwT4NOONbIdbA

Gamerman, O. (2025). The School Principal ’ s Motivating Discourse and Its Implications : Some Insights into Leader-Followers Relations. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 3(1).

Glickman, C. ., Gordon, S. ., & Ross-Gorgon, J. . (2007). Supervision and Instructional leadership: A developmental approach (7 th). Pearson Education, Inc.

Hadiyanto, H. (2004). Iklim Sekolah, iklim kelas: Teori dan aplikasi. Pepustakaan Nasional : Katalog Dalam Terbitan, 1–40.

Hadiyanto, H., & Mathew, B. (2023). Classroom and School Climate, Theory, Research, Development, and Implication.

Harsoyo, R. (2022). Bernard M. Bass’ Transformational Leadership Theory and its Application in Improving the Quality of Islamic Education Institutions. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management, 3(2), 247–262.

Hasibuan, P. M., & Hadijaya, Y. (2024). Implementasi Budaya Organisasi dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru. Journal of Education Research, 5(3), 2802–2809. https://doi.org/10.37985/jer.v5i3.1284

Hidayat, F. (2021). Model Addie (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) Dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Addie (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation) Model in Islamic Education Learning. 28–37.

Junker, R. (2015). Organizational cultures in education: Theory-based use of an instrument for identifying school culture. In Journal for Educational Research Online Journal für Bildungsforschung Online (Vol. 7, Issue 3).

Kemdikbud, K. (2007). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia. вы12у(235), 245.

Laudya, D., & Savitri, J. (2020). Pengaruh School Climate terhadap School Engagement pada Siswa SMA “X” Kota Bandung. Humanitas (Jurnal Psikologi), 4(3), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.28932/humanitas.v4i3.2765

Lukas, M., Tewal, B., Walangitan, M. D., & Pengawasan, P. (1921). Effect of Supervision, Leadership and Compensation To Employees Performance in the Financial Management Agency and Regional Goods of Regency of North Minahasa. Jurnal EMBA, 5(2), 2303–1174.

Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI, P. N. 57 T. 2012. (2012). Ujian Kompetensi Guru.

Nhlumayo, B. S. (2025). Experiences of Female School Principals on Resilient Leadership Practices in Leading and Managing Rural Schools. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 10(3).

Ostroff, C., Kinicki, A. J., & Muhammad, R. S. (2012). Organizational Culture and Climate. In Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition (Issue October). https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9781118133880.hop212024

Paais, M., & Pattiruhu, J. R. (2020). Effect of Motivation, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(8), 577–588. https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2020.VOL7.NO8.577

Rivendri, R., & Irmawita, I. (2025). The Impact of Competency and Work Motivation on Performance of Family Planning Extension Workers of BKKBN West Sumatra. Kolokium Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.24036/ kolokium.v13i2.1095

Saani, A.-J. (2013). Influence of compensation and supervision on private basic school teachers work performance in Ashaiman Municipa... Saani abdul-jaleel Influence of Compensation and Supervision on Private Basic School Teachers Work Performance in Ashaiman Municipality. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(17), 64–69. www.ijbssnet.com

Schein, E. H. (2024). Edgar H. Schein: The Artistry of a Reflexive Organizational Scholar-Practitioner. In Edgar H. Schein: The Artistry of a Reflexive Organizational Scholar-Practitioner. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003366355

Soleh, M., Nugraha, E., & Gunawan, A. (2023). Supervisi model pengembangan dalam pandangan Carl D. Glickman. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Manajemen Pendidikan, 4(2), 117–133. https://jurnal.stain-madina.ac.id/index.php/mata/article/view/1565/1137

Sonia, N. R. (2022). Supervisi Pengembangan Mutu Pendidikan: Tinjauan Konsep Developmental Supervision Glickman. Southeast Asian Journal of Islamic Education Management, 3(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.21154/sajiem.v3i1.97

Wahyuni, A. (2021). Membentuk Pribadi Positif dan Unggul di Sekolah. In Umsida Press.

Wijaya, Y., & Wibawanta, B. (2025). The Effect of Servant Leadership and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment Mediated by Job Loyalty in Early Childhood Education. Kolokium Jurnal Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, 13(1). https://doi.org/ 10.24036/kolokium.v13i1.1051